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Portion 43

Golden Text: Ex 20:1-2
Readings for the week:

Day 1: Jos 22

Day 2: 1Kings 2

Day 3: Ps 119:1-8

Day 4: Neh 9

Day 5: Rom 7

Day 6: 1Tim 1:1-11

I- The Debarim.

Although it is commonly referred to as the “Ten Commandments,” it should be noted that nowhere in its context is it called that, although the translators of some versions have tried. It was always called “the words” (devarim)[1] and more accurately “oaths or promises,” although it is also generally called “the law” (torah).

On the other hand, the Hebrew word aseret, which translates to ‘ten’, has its meaning more closely related to ‘ten’, referring to the total set of ten numbers that lie between ten and nineteen. In other words, these are not exactly ten. Hence, when some scholars count each of the sentences, we find differences with respect to the accounts[2]. This concept of ‘ten’ points more to a unit of the sections than to a specific number, and it is necessary that it cannot be said that seven of them are fulfilled and not the rest, because these “words” are a unit to be fulfilled[3].

II- The Mitzvot.

In the Hebrew mentality, the Ten Words represent many details that God will later also give to the people, in the so-called “commandments” (Mitzvot). All these sections can be subdivided into three large groups or categories: (1) the edot, which represent 20%, are those that create an identity as God’s people[4], (2) the chukim, another 20%, are those illogical sections that God demands and once their symbolism is revealed they cease to be illogical to turn them into mysteries revealed[5],  and (3) the mishpatim, the remaining 60%, are those who govern and defend the rights of individuals in society[6]

In addition to this general subdivision, all the details that emerge from the Torah delivered at Mount Sinai can also be subdivided into two large groups that help from another perspective to their understanding and obedience: (1) The commandments not to do (mitzvot lo taaseh), (2) The commandments to do (mitzvot taaseh).

Parallel to this, and with greater emphasis on the perspective of the Greek language and in a very general way in Hebrew[7], the term ‘words’ (debarim) is more associated with what cannot be done[8], while the ‘commandments’ (mitzvot), with how to do what can be done[9].

III- Know thyself.

Paul is going to explain something that can only be understood under the miracle of salvation, and that is how the law-commandment relationship works in the divine plan[10]. Laws are given for the disobedient, [11]so that he can know that because he needs them it is because something bad in him moves him to it. However, for Paul who was born under an education where evil is foretold not to be done through the law (torah), and therefore he did not do[12], that made him believe that he was right. In other words, he created a façade for him by not doing the bad thing that made him seem good. But when the time came when he wanted to do good, that is, the commandments (mitzvah asah), and could not fulfill them correctly, then it made it clear to him that his sinful nature was hidden.

That is why you can find people like him who believe that they are not sinners simply because they do not do wrong things, but when he goes to fulfill the commandments correctly, that will reveal his real nature.

Hence the importance of taking care of the spirit through what God teaches to do, because that is how its own nature is known, whether sinful or regenerate of the human being[13]. So, even when it seems that the Ten Oaths are fulfilled, it is through the commandments that its true nature can be discovered. Now, by confessing with the mouth and believing in the heart in the saving work of Christ[14], the person can shield himself in that expiatory action that justifies his errors and the condemnation announced throughout the Torah has no effect, something that God takes advantage of to regenerate the sinful soul of man without guilt[15].  

IV- A Chukim fulfilled.

The Feast of Pentecost (Shavuot) celebrates this day of the giving of the Torah (the Debarim and the Mitzvot) on Mount Sinai, and since it itself is a commandment of those who were to be revealed (chukim) its perfection is found when God through the Holy Spirit engraves that law on the heart of man[16].

V- An introduction to clarify doubts.

God makes a presentation with which he guarantees that this is not an invention of Moses, nor is it the product of the historical evolution of the nation of Israel, but that He is its own author. This implies two things: (a) An obedience of those who love Him, (b) And a respect not to create laws or traditions that might compete with His own. The latter implies that man could create his own traditions and laws, but never that they could compete or be put up to par with His.

Some, such as the Talmudic rabbis and John Calvin, also believed that, although this introduction is not mentioned as a law categorically, it has an implication as if it were in demanding faithfulness in interaction with Him.

Questions:

1.- Explain the difference between law and commandments.
2.- Based on Rom 7:7-12, explain the process Paul details.
3.- Find out what the Feast of Pentecost consisted of and how it was celebrated. Then explain what its details might mean considering the action of the Holy Spirit.
4.- How do you see this portion applying to Jesus’ criticism of the scribes and Pharisees? (Mt 23).

 

[1] Aseret Hadevarim (עֲשֶׂרֶת הַדְּבָרִים) this simply means the ‘ten words’, or significantly the ‘ten oaths’.

[2] An example is the contradiction in opinions between Augustine, Luther, and Calvin regarding the first sentence. The latter sees the “I Am YHVH your God” as the first following the Talmud, while for the first two this is only an introduction.

[3] James 2:10.

[4] Deuteronomy 22:12; Mt 23:5.

[5] Lev 11; Ps 2:7.

[6] Ps 19:9-10.

[7] Pr 3:1.

[8] 1 Tim 1:8-11.

[9] 1 Corinthians 7:10.

[10] Romans 7-8.

[11] In this book we associate “law” with mitzvah lo taasé (commandments not to do), to facilitate the student’s understanding, not because it is the most accurate.

[12] Rom 7:8b.

[13] Prov 23:7.

[14] Rom 10:9.

[15] The practice and enjoyment of wrongdoing is what makes the difference between sin and the natural error of the human being (1 Jn 3:8).

[16] In another portion, the theme of this festival will be deepened.

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