Following the conclusion of the First Council of Nicaea in 325 AD, Emperor Constantine I sent a letter to the churches of the Empire that would mark a definitive turning point in Christian history. This was not merely an administrative announcement; it was the...
Within the vast tapestry of Judaism, there is a current that, although a minority today, once represented the greatest intellectual and theological challenge to oral tradition. This is Karaism (from the Hebrew Qara’im, "readers" or "followers of the Scripture"), a...
Within the communities seeking to return to the Hebrew roots of the faith, a crucial question frequently arises: Should we follow the calculated Jewish calendar (Hillel II) or the calendar based on the biblical observation of the first century? Often, the writings of...
The recent history of Cuba is often analyzed as a unique case of political crises, revolutions, and failed reconstructions. However, it can also be interpreted from another perspective. Precisely because its ruptures have been so visible, Cuba could become a clear...
Governing is not merely the administration of resources; it is the attempt to direct the human will—a task that has proven to be the most complex in the history of creation. From the courts of antiquity to modern structures, the exercise of power has faced an...
Most contemporary readers assume that "Christian" is the original and definitive name for the followers of Jesus. However, this is a truth filtered through Greek. When we dig beneath the layer of Koine Greek in which the Apostolic writings have reached us, we discover...
Traditional history often presents the origin of Christmas as the result of a natural evolution of Christian devotion. However, a rigorous analysis of the Chronograph of 354 (which contains the record of festivities from the year 336 AD) reveals a far more pragmatic...
Christmas, with its lights, carols, and festive spirit, is today one of the most widespread celebrations in Christianity. However, its acceptance was not universal at the dawn of the 16th-century Protestant Reformation. For many of the early Reformers, December 25th...
The Reformation is recognized as one of the most important historical events of the modern era, praised in many fields, not only religious but also political and academic. And indeed, they are not wrong. For many, in a positive sense, they view this period as an event...
Throughout the evolution of human thought and its constant quest to understand the world, we have gone through periods of change in how we think and perceive reality. From the Renaissance to modern challenges, we have witnessed influences in philosophy, theology, and...
In ancient times, there were numerous individuals who, in one way or another, made significant contributions to the development of science and the modernization of society up to the present day. Although not all of them were Christians, they all lived within the...
THE FATE OF THE ANUSIM As we have seen, the Arab period of Al-Andalus was very prosperous for Muslims, Christians, and Jews. However, several factors worked against Christianity at that time, including Catholic celibacy. Both imams and rabbis led normal lives and...
JUDAISM IN SEPHARAD After the death of Muhammad, there were military conflicts among those who, as brothers, listened to the teachings of the "prophet," as some considered themselves more "his followers" than others, a characteristic that has defined this sect to this...
THE BEGINNING OF THE SEPHARDIM We are now going to discuss the Sephardim not because they are less important than the Ashkenazim, but because they are less complicated yet more significant. This latter point, largely unknown today due to the majority extermination by...
THE ASHKENAZIM AND CHRISTIANITY TODAY As noted in the previous article within this diaspora, there are several movements, and one of them, the Orthodox, is fragmented into various groups. An interesting question to ask is: Orthodox regarding what? Well, they are...